Wanok presents at the Association of Research in Vision and Opthalmology (ARVO) 2026

ACRC Academy student Godfrey Wanok presented his work to the ARVO annual meeting in May.

Please describe the event you attended.

I remotely attended the 2026 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) annual meeting which was held in Denver, Colorado from 3rd to 7th May 2026. It is the largest eye and vision research organization in the world, and the annual meeting is a platform to present and explore recent developments in global eye care. The attendees for this year were from 72 countries and there were 300 sessions on a range of topics in vision research.

The meeting was attended by different professionals like optometrists, ophthalmologists and researchers in eye care at various levels like trainees, early-career professionals, and senior researchers.

What drew you to attend this event?

The event attracted more than 11,000 attendees which makes it one of the best platforms to disseminate research and receive feedback from global experts in eyecare. This number also makes it one of the best events to connect and build global networks in eyecare.
The sessions focused on different subspecialties and topics in eye care like low vision, imaging in the eye, myopia, neuro-ophthalmology, and glaucoma, which is an opportunity to not only keep abreast with what is happening in one’s sub-specialty but also gives you opportunities to learn about others which are essential for patient care.
 

How was your experience attending the event? What were the highlights and key moments?

I attended the on-demand session (online) in which I shared a recorded presentation about my accepted abstract titled “Initial multi-professionals’ perceptions on the concept of visual frailty.” As an on-demand attendee, I could only access presentations from other online presenters.

There were limited opportunities for me to engage with in-person attendees in Denver, Colorado, but it was a unique experience watching other virtual attendees’ presentations. There were various topics but the ones I engaged with the most were about visual function and patient outcomes, and visual impairment effect on emotional health which are related directly to my PhD research.

Photograph of ACRC Academy student Godfrey Wanok
Godfrey Wanok

How was this event relevant to your research, interdisciplinarity and the ACRC Academy?

It was a platform to share some of the findings of my PhD work which focused on the perspectives of eye care professionals (optometrists and ophthalmologists) about the concept of visual frailty. Data for this research was collected using an online survey from professionals in different parts of the world. It Is possible that some of the study participants attended ARVO and this was an opportunity to share the findings with them.

Overall, it served as a platform to share my research and receive feedback on optometrists’ and ophthalmologists’ perspective about the concept of visual frailty. I plan to continue using similar platforms to keep the conversation going about how the visual system changes with age and its relationship to frailty.

This is the recorded presentation that ACRC Academy PhD student Godfrey Wanok made for the Association of Research in Vision and Opthalmology (ARVO) 2026 conference

Hello,  everyone.  My name  is  Warnock, a PhD  researcher  at the Advanced  Care  Research Centre  Academy at  the University  of  Edinburgh. The  Advanced Care  Research  Centre Academy  is a  multidisciplinary doctoral  training centre  at the  University of  Edinburgh  with supervisors spanning  across  the three colleges  of  the university. These  include  College of Science  and  Engineering, College  of Medicine  and  Veterinary Medicine, and  College  of Arts, Humanities  and  Social Sciences. This  is  the reason  my  supervisors have  different disciplines. Professor  Baljean  Dillon is a  consultant  ophthalmologist  from the College  of Medicine  and Veterinary  Medicine. Professor  Ian Underwood  is  an engineer from  the  College of  Science  and Engineering. This  PhD  project is funded  by  legal and  general. In  this presentation, I'll  share  findings from our  survey  which gathered professional perception  about the  concept of  visual  frailty. I will  follow  a similar  structure  of  the abstract  and  will share in  more  details the  purpose, methods,  results, and  the  conclusion. Let's  begin with  the  Pappas. As some  of  you might  be  aware, there has  been  a recent  rapid  increase in the  global  ageing population  with  statistics from  the United  Nations showing  that worldwide, the  number  of people  aged 65  years or  older is  projected to  more  than double, rising  from  761 million  in 2021  to 1.6  billion  in  2050. This  can be  seen  on the population  pyramid  on the  right, which  shows that  in  1950, there was  a  significantly higher  number  of younger people  compared  to those  over  50. Over the  decades,  we can  see the  shift in  the  population pyramid showing  an  increase in  the  proportion of older  adults  when compared  to  younger people. The  second  graph shows that  the  trend is  similar in  both high  income  countries and low - and middle-income countries, even  if  their population demographics  are  different, the  increase in  the global  ageing population  presents with  a few  challenges  like visual  impairment, blindness,  multimorbidity  and frailty. I'm  pretty  sure this  is the  first time  most  of us  are  hearing about visual  frailty  because it's an  emerging  concept in the  field  of eye  care  and geriatrics. Visual  frailty  is a  new  concept, and we  shall  define it  as a  multi factorial  condition  that presents with  reduction  in visual  function, which  can have  varied  impact on an  individual's  functional status depending  on  its severity. If  you  try to  search  around for any  published literature  about this  concept, there  is a  handful  of papers or  information  about the  term. Other  researchers have  referred to  it as  eye  frailty. Or ocular  frailty,  but they all  point  out the  need for  more research  in  this area. The  aim  of this  study  was to  gather opinions  from eye  care  providers, especially  optometrists and ophthalmologists  to  explore if the  term  visual frailty  has meaning  or relevance  in  their practise. We  circulated  an online  survey by  email and  on social  media platforms  from the  25th of  August  to ninth  November  2025. Potential  participants were  encouraged to  share the  survey amongst  their professional  networks to  increase the  response  rate. This study  received  ethical approval  from the  Southeast Scotland Research  Ethics  Committee one, which  is  one  of the  National  Health Service  or NHS  Ethical Review  Boards. Because  there was  a  possibility of  having coronents from  the  NHS  or respondents  working  for the  NHS, the  health research  authority, also  known as  the  HRA approval, was  granted  Let's look  at  the results. The  survey  received 53  responses  of which 45  provided  informed consent to  participate  in the  study. Of  these, four  were  excluded because  there were  neither optometrists nor ophthalmologists. The respondents  were  from seven low - and middle-income  countries and  three  high income  countries. The  low - and middle-income  countries included  Uganda, India,  Kenya, Nigeria,  Tanzania, Mauritius,  and  South Africa, while  the  high-income countries included  Australia, Ireland,  and  the United  Kingdom. The  first question  we asked  respondents was  whether  they had ever  heard  about the  term  visual frailty and  majority  that's approximately  82.9, you  can only  talk  to  83% had  never  previously heard  about  the term. The  few  that is  approximately  17% who  had ever  heard about  it were  asked to  share  their definitions, which  were  classified into  two. The  first one  was  in relation to  age  related visual  decline. And  the second  was  in relation  to general  reduction in  vision  over time. In  terms  of  age-related  visual decline, a  respondent  from the  UK defined  it as  a  state in  which low  vision significantly  increases older  adults  vulnerability to  functional decline, loss  of  independence, and  health  risks. Another  respondent from  Kenya referred  to it  as  high deterioration  due to  age, while  one respondent  from Uganda  referred to  it  as high  frailty. In  relation to  change  in vision  over  time, one respondent  from  Kenya referred  to  it  as a  reduction  in visual  acuity recorded  over a  period  of time, while  another  from Tanzania  referred  to it  as inability  to perform simple  tasks  like before. Regardless  of  whether they had  ever  heard about  the  term, all respondents  were  asked to define  visual  frailty using their  own  words and all  the  41 definitions were  broadly  classified into  three. The  first group,  that's the  first classification, approximately 34.1%  of  the respondents defined  it  in relation to  overall  visual deterioration. An  example  included a  respondent from  the UK  who  referred  to it  as difficulty  in seeing  and  performing daily  living tasks  due  to poor  eyesight. The  second classification,  and  the majority, that's approximately  46%  of the respondents  defined  it as age  related  visual decline. An  example  of this  was  given by the  respondent  from Uganda  who referred  to  it  as decline  in  visual function and  general  physical condition of  the  eye due  to  ageing. The third  classification, that's  approximately 19.5% of  the  respondents referred  to  it  as poor  vision  as a  risk  factor for  fray. An  example included  a  respondent from  Australia who  defined  it as where  vision  has reduced the  resilience  of  a  person and increased  their  risk of  injury. In  this term,  remember, reduction  of resilience  is  also used in  the  actual definition of  frailty  itself. These varying  perceptions  towards the concept  show  the need  for the  consolidated definition of  visual  frailty and creating  awareness  about its  definition that  they use  in  clinical practise. We  also  asked the  respondents about  what they  considered  as a potential  average  age of  patients they  considered to  have  visual frailty. They  reported  that visual  frailty could  occur at  different  ages with the  frequencies  shown on the  graph  on the  left,  this one  right  here. The trim  map  on the  right, that's  this one  shows that  the majority  that  is approximately  68.3 of the  respondents  shown in orange  considered  visual frailty  to present  in individuals  aged 50  years and  above, while  a few  that  is 17.1% shown  in  this blue  colour, considered  it  as  below 50. At  the  bottom right  corner  of this  tree  map, we can  see  approximately 4.1%  of the  respondents  reported that it  can  occur at  any  age and 9.8%  were  not sure or  aware  of the potential  age  of presentation  of this  particular  concept. We also  asked  the respondents  about the  conditions they  considered  to be potential  causes  of visual  frailty. In  low - and middle-income  countries, cataracts  were the most  reported  potential cause, followed  by  age related  macular  degeneration that  is seen  right  here. In high  income  countries, age  related macular  degeneration was  the most  reported  potential cause, followed  by  cataracts and  overall, Cataracts  was the  most  reported cause followed  by  age related  macular  degeneration. It  is important  to  note that  this is  also  due to  the  higher number  of respondents  from  low - and middle-income  countries  who reported cataracts  as the  most common  potential  cause. The respondents  reported  15 factors to  be  associated with  visual  frailty, as  seen in  this  parietal chart. The  top  four factors were  systemic  conditions, the  age, ocular conditions,  and  visual function. The  parietal  rule in this  case  can be  translated  as approximately  80% of  visual  frailty is due  to  these four  factors, and  we propose  that  designing a  tool  or tools which  rely  on these might  be  useful in the  assessment  of the  condition. Its  management and monitoring  changes  over time. In  conclusion,  this study  adds  to our understanding  of the  emerging concept  of  visual frailty. It  is  not worthy  to mention  that visual  frailty might  occur at  any  age  as mentioned  by  a few  respondents, although  it is  most  common in  later  life. Even if  my  current focus  is  on older  adults, there  is need  to  research this  concept  and its use  in  other age  groups, defining  the concept  and its  assessment with  input  from older  adults, eye  care practitioners,  and other  stakeholders might  prove  useful  in practise. I  These  are some  of the  important references  I  used in  this  work. If you  have  any questions or  would  like to  share your  thoughts about  this  concept or our  work  about vision, frailty  and  ageing, please  write to  me  on this  email. I'm  also happy  to  connect on  LinkedIn. This  PhD project  is funded  by  the  Legal and  General  Group, a research  grant  to establish the  Independent  Advanced Care  Research  Centre at the  University  of Edinburgh. Thank  you  so much  for  your attention.