ACRC Academy student Godfrey Wanok presented his work to the ARVO annual meeting in May. Please describe the event you attended.I remotely attended the 2026 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) annual meeting which was held in Denver, Colorado from 3rd to 7th May 2026. It is the largest eye and vision research organization in the world, and the annual meeting is a platform to present and explore recent developments in global eye care. The attendees for this year were from 72 countries and there were 300 sessions on a range of topics in vision research.The meeting was attended by different professionals like optometrists, ophthalmologists and researchers in eye care at various levels like trainees, early-career professionals, and senior researchers. What drew you to attend this event?The event attracted more than 11,000 attendees which makes it one of the best platforms to disseminate research and receive feedback from global experts in eyecare. This number also makes it one of the best events to connect and build global networks in eyecare.The sessions focused on different subspecialties and topics in eye care like low vision, imaging in the eye, myopia, neuro-ophthalmology, and glaucoma, which is an opportunity to not only keep abreast with what is happening in one’s sub-specialty but also gives you opportunities to learn about others which are essential for patient care. How was your experience attending the event? What were the highlights and key moments?I attended the on-demand session (online) in which I shared a recorded presentation about my accepted abstract titled “Initial multi-professionals’ perceptions on the concept of visual frailty.” As an on-demand attendee, I could only access presentations from other online presenters.There were limited opportunities for me to engage with in-person attendees in Denver, Colorado, but it was a unique experience watching other virtual attendees’ presentations. There were various topics but the ones I engaged with the most were about visual function and patient outcomes, and visual impairment effect on emotional health which are related directly to my PhD research. Godfrey Wanok How was this event relevant to your research, interdisciplinarity and the ACRC Academy?It was a platform to share some of the findings of my PhD work which focused on the perspectives of eye care professionals (optometrists and ophthalmologists) about the concept of visual frailty. Data for this research was collected using an online survey from professionals in different parts of the world. It Is possible that some of the study participants attended ARVO and this was an opportunity to share the findings with them.Overall, it served as a platform to share my research and receive feedback on optometrists’ and ophthalmologists’ perspective about the concept of visual frailty. I plan to continue using similar platforms to keep the conversation going about how the visual system changes with age and its relationship to frailty. This is the recorded presentation that ACRC Academy PhD student Godfrey Wanok made for the Association of Research in Vision and Opthalmology (ARVO) 2026 conference View media transcript Hello, everyone. My name is Warnock, a PhD researcher at the Advanced Care Research Centre Academy at the University of Edinburgh. The Advanced Care Research Centre Academy is a multidisciplinary doctoral training centre at the University of Edinburgh with supervisors spanning across the three colleges of the university. These include College of Science and Engineering, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, and College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. This is the reason my supervisors have different disciplines. Professor Baljean Dillon is a consultant ophthalmologist from the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine. Professor Ian Underwood is an engineer from the College of Science and Engineering. This PhD project is funded by legal and general. In this presentation, I'll share findings from our survey which gathered professional perception about the concept of visual frailty. I will follow a similar structure of the abstract and will share in more details the purpose, methods, results, and the conclusion. Let's begin with the Pappas. As some of you might be aware, there has been a recent rapid increase in the global ageing population with statistics from the United Nations showing that worldwide, the number of people aged 65 years or older is projected to more than double, rising from 761 million in 2021 to 1.6 billion in 2050. This can be seen on the population pyramid on the right, which shows that in 1950, there was a significantly higher number of younger people compared to those over 50. Over the decades, we can see the shift in the population pyramid showing an increase in the proportion of older adults when compared to younger people. The second graph shows that the trend is similar in both high income countries and low - and middle-income countries, even if their population demographics are different, the increase in the global ageing population presents with a few challenges like visual impairment, blindness, multimorbidity and frailty. I'm pretty sure this is the first time most of us are hearing about visual frailty because it's an emerging concept in the field of eye care and geriatrics. Visual frailty is a new concept, and we shall define it as a multi factorial condition that presents with reduction in visual function, which can have varied impact on an individual's functional status depending on its severity. If you try to search around for any published literature about this concept, there is a handful of papers or information about the term. Other researchers have referred to it as eye frailty. Or ocular frailty, but they all point out the need for more research in this area. The aim of this study was to gather opinions from eye care providers, especially optometrists and ophthalmologists to explore if the term visual frailty has meaning or relevance in their practise. We circulated an online survey by email and on social media platforms from the 25th of August to ninth November 2025. Potential participants were encouraged to share the survey amongst their professional networks to increase the response rate. This study received ethical approval from the Southeast Scotland Research Ethics Committee one, which is one of the National Health Service or NHS Ethical Review Boards. Because there was a possibility of having coronents from the NHS or respondents working for the NHS, the health research authority, also known as the HRA approval, was granted Let's look at the results. The survey received 53 responses of which 45 provided informed consent to participate in the study. Of these, four were excluded because there were neither optometrists nor ophthalmologists. The respondents were from seven low - and middle-income countries and three high income countries. The low - and middle-income countries included Uganda, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mauritius, and South Africa, while the high-income countries included Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The first question we asked respondents was whether they had ever heard about the term visual frailty and majority that's approximately 82.9, you can only talk to 83% had never previously heard about the term. The few that is approximately 17% who had ever heard about it were asked to share their definitions, which were classified into two. The first one was in relation to age related visual decline. And the second was in relation to general reduction in vision over time. In terms of age-related visual decline, a respondent from the UK defined it as a state in which low vision significantly increases older adults vulnerability to functional decline, loss of independence, and health risks. Another respondent from Kenya referred to it as high deterioration due to age, while one respondent from Uganda referred to it as high frailty. In relation to change in vision over time, one respondent from Kenya referred to it as a reduction in visual acuity recorded over a period of time, while another from Tanzania referred to it as inability to perform simple tasks like before. Regardless of whether they had ever heard about the term, all respondents were asked to define visual frailty using their own words and all the 41 definitions were broadly classified into three. The first group, that's the first classification, approximately 34.1% of the respondents defined it in relation to overall visual deterioration. An example included a respondent from the UK who referred to it as difficulty in seeing and performing daily living tasks due to poor eyesight. The second classification, and the majority, that's approximately 46% of the respondents defined it as age related visual decline. An example of this was given by the respondent from Uganda who referred to it as decline in visual function and general physical condition of the eye due to ageing. The third classification, that's approximately 19.5% of the respondents referred to it as poor vision as a risk factor for fray. An example included a respondent from Australia who defined it as where vision has reduced the resilience of a person and increased their risk of injury. In this term, remember, reduction of resilience is also used in the actual definition of frailty itself. These varying perceptions towards the concept show the need for the consolidated definition of visual frailty and creating awareness about its definition that they use in clinical practise. We also asked the respondents about what they considered as a potential average age of patients they considered to have visual frailty. They reported that visual frailty could occur at different ages with the frequencies shown on the graph on the left, this one right here. The trim map on the right, that's this one shows that the majority that is approximately 68.3 of the respondents shown in orange considered visual frailty to present in individuals aged 50 years and above, while a few that is 17.1% shown in this blue colour, considered it as below 50. At the bottom right corner of this tree map, we can see approximately 4.1% of the respondents reported that it can occur at any age and 9.8% were not sure or aware of the potential age of presentation of this particular concept. We also asked the respondents about the conditions they considered to be potential causes of visual frailty. In low - and middle-income countries, cataracts were the most reported potential cause, followed by age related macular degeneration that is seen right here. In high income countries, age related macular degeneration was the most reported potential cause, followed by cataracts and overall, Cataracts was the most reported cause followed by age related macular degeneration. It is important to note that this is also due to the higher number of respondents from low - and middle-income countries who reported cataracts as the most common potential cause. The respondents reported 15 factors to be associated with visual frailty, as seen in this parietal chart. The top four factors were systemic conditions, the age, ocular conditions, and visual function. The parietal rule in this case can be translated as approximately 80% of visual frailty is due to these four factors, and we propose that designing a tool or tools which rely on these might be useful in the assessment of the condition. Its management and monitoring changes over time. In conclusion, this study adds to our understanding of the emerging concept of visual frailty. It is not worthy to mention that visual frailty might occur at any age as mentioned by a few respondents, although it is most common in later life. Even if my current focus is on older adults, there is need to research this concept and its use in other age groups, defining the concept and its assessment with input from older adults, eye care practitioners, and other stakeholders might prove useful in practise. I These are some of the important references I used in this work. If you have any questions or would like to share your thoughts about this concept or our work about vision, frailty and ageing, please write to me on this email. I'm also happy to connect on LinkedIn. This PhD project is funded by the Legal and General Group, a research grant to establish the Independent Advanced Care Research Centre at the University of Edinburgh. Thank you so much for your attention. This article was published on Friday 5 June 2026